• Procedures and Guidelines
  • Welcome
    • Copyright
    • UBCO Biology open materials
    • Why Procedures and Guidelines?
    • Structure
  • File and Data Management
  • 1 File and Data Management
  • 2 File Naming
    • 2.1 Quick Reference
      • 2.1.1 Lab reports and manuscripts
      • 2.1.2 Figures and plots
      • 2.1.3 Analysis
      • 2.1.4 Data
    • 2.2 What’s in a name
      • Human interpretable
      • Machine readable
    • 2.3 An example
  • 3 Directories
    • 3.1 Working directory
    • 3.2 Relative and Absolute Paths
      • Absolute paths
      • Relative paths
    • 3.3 Set a Working Directory in RStudio
      • Preferred Method: Creating a Project
      • Create a New Project in a New Folder
      • Create a New Project in an Existing Folder
  • 4 Directory Structures
    • 4.1 Directory Hierarchies
    • 4.2 Directory Naming
    • 4.3 readme files and data dictionaries
      • General rules
      • File formats
    • 4.4 Root folder readme
    • 4.5 Data directory readme
    • 4.6 Data dictionary
    • 4.7 Example BIOL 116
      • Top Level folder
      • Data Folder
      • Analysis Folder
      • Figures Folder
      • Report Folder
      • Screenshot
    • 4.8 Example BIOL 125
      • Day 1
      • Day 2
      • Day 3
      • Day 4-5
      • Day 6
  • 5 Tidy data
    • 5.1 Wide Data
    • 5.2 Tidy Data
    • 5.3 Side by Side Comparison
      • Wide Data
      • Tidy Data
  • Data Presentation
  • 6 Figures & Tables
    • 6.1 Tables
      • Example
    • 6.2 Descriptive & Summary Statistics
    • 6.3 Results of Statistical Tests
    • 6.4 Figures
      • Examples
  • 7 Sketches & Drawings
    • 7.1 The Role of Sketches
    • 7.2 Sketching Guidelines
      • General Guidelines
      • Organisms and Structures
      • Microscopes
    • 7.3 Good Example Sketches
      • Example 1
      • Example 2
    • 7.4 Poor Example Sketch
  • Writing and Citing
  • 8 Markdown
    • 8.1 How Markdown Works
    • 8.2 What You Need to Get Started
      • VS Code
    • 8.3 Prose
    • 8.4 Structure
      • Headings
    • 8.5 Emphasis and Style
      • Italics
      • Bold
      • Strikethrough
    • 8.6 Code
    • 8.7 Blockquotes
    • 8.8 Lists
      • Ordered lists
      • Unordered lists
    • 8.9 Tables
    • 8.10 Links
    • 8.11 Images
    • 8.12 Markdown Flavours
  • 9 APA Citations
    • 9.1 In-text Citations
      • Narrative vs Parenthetical
      • Quick Format Guide
    • 9.2 Reference List
      • Journal article with a DOI (1-2 authors)
      • Journal article with a DOI (3-20 authors)
  • 10 Types of Sources
    • Primary Sources
    • Secondary Sources
    • Review Sources
  • 11 Finding & Evaluating Published Evidence
    • 11.1 Types of Evidence
      • 11.1.1 Original Research
      • 11.1.2 Secondary Research
      • 11.1.3 Opinion & Commentary
    • 11.2 Sources of Evidence
      • 11.2.1 General
      • 11.2.2 Health & Biological Processes
      • 11.2.3 Niche
    • 11.3 Google Scholar and AI Citation Searching
      • 11.3.1 When to Use Which
    • 11.4 Grey Literature
    • 11.5 Searching Basics
      • 11.5.1 Concepts
      • 11.5.2 Boolean logic
      • 11.5.3 Stemming & Wildcards
      • 11.5.4 Phrase searching
    • 11.6 Evaluating the Literature
  • 12 APA Citations
    • 12.1 In-text Citations
      • Narrative vs Parenthetical
      • Quick Format Guide
    • 12.2 Reference List
      • Journal article with a DOI (1-2 authors)
      • Journal article with a DOI (3-20 authors)
  • 13 Academic Integrity
  • 14 Reference Management: Zotero
    • 14.1 Installation & first launch
      • First launch
    • 14.2 Browser plugin
    • 14.3 Accounts & sync setup
      • Connecting Zotero Desktop with the Cloud
    • 14.4 Adding citations
    • 14.5 Renaming PDFs
    • 14.6 Syncing to the cloud
      • Zotero Cloud
  • 15 Copyright
  • R
  • 16 ggplot
    • 16.1 The Basic Graph
    • 16.2 Labeling and captions
    • 16.3 Size, shape & colour
    • 16.4 More than one geom
    • 16.5 More than one plot
    • 16.6 Faceting a Plot
    • 16.7 Cusomizing Look and Feel
      • Themes
      • Colours
  • Glossary
  • 17 Glossary
  • Appendix
  • A1: Magnification of A Drawing
    • 17.1 Object Size
    • 17.2 Method 1: Estimation
      • Field of View Diameter
      • Estimating Object Size
    • 17.3 Method 2: Ocular Micrometer
      • Calibrating the Ocular Micrometer
    • 17.4 Drawing Size
    • 17.5 Calculating Scale
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Procedures and Guidelines

15 Copyright

Last updated 2023-02-10

Copyright is the legal ownership of a work, like a book, image, graph, journal article. Copyright law governs how and when we are allowed to redistribute what someone else has produced and how others can redistribute what we’ve produced.

Learn more about copyright at UBC from the UBC Learning Commons.